Bos taurus

Domestic cows are large, hoofed mammals that have been raised by humans for thousands of years. Descended from the now-extinct wild aurochs, cattle are found worldwide and play a major role in agriculture and food systems. With their strong bodies, cloven hooves, and gentle demeanor, cows are well adapted to grazing open pastures and grasslands.

Today, there are hundreds of cattle breeds developed for different climates, purposes, and agricultural systems. While cows themselves are not considered endangered, conservation still plays a role in protecting heritage and rare livestock breeds. Preserving genetic diversity in cattle helps support sustainable agriculture, disease resistance, and the long-term stability of food systems. Agricultural biodiversity is an important, and often overlooked, part of conservation.

Cows have shaped human history, providing milk, meat, leather, and other resources. In addition to agriculture, cattle can also play a role in land management. When responsibly managed, grazing cattle can help maintain grasslands and prevent woody plant overgrowth.

Did you know?

Cows are ruminants, meaning they have one stomach with four compartments that help them digest tough plant material.

Cows can smell something up to 6 miles away.

Cows form close social bonds and often have “best friends” within the herd.

Cows use different vocalizations and body language to communicate with each other.

• Cows can nap while standing but must lie down to enter deep sleep.